Physical Chemistry

by Keith J. Laidler, John H. Meiser and Bryan C. Sanctuary.

Thermodynamics module

In addition to chapter 1, the topics covered in this module are:

2. The First Law of Thermodynamics
3. The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
4. Chemical Equilibrium
5. Phases and Solutions
6. Phase Equilibria

Table of Contents

Chapter 2 The First Law of Thermodynamics 2.1 Origins of the First Law 2.2 States and State Functions 2.3 Equilibrium States and Reversibility 2.4 Energy, Heat, and Work   The Nature of Work Processes at Constant Volume Processes at Constant Pressure: Enthalpy Heat Capacity 2.5 Thermochemistry   Extent of Reaction Standard States Measurement of Enthalpy Changes Calorimetry Relationship between ΔU and ΔH Temperature Dependence of Enthalpies of Reaction Enthalpies of Formation Bond Enthalpies 2.6 Ideal Gas Relationships   Reversible Compression at Constant Pressure Reversible Pressure Change at Constant Volume Reversible Isothermal Compression Reversible Adiabatic Compression 2.7 Real Gases   The Joule-Thomson Experiment Van der Waals Gases Key Equations Problems Suggested Reading Chapter 3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics   Biography: Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausius 3.1 The Carnot Cycle   Efficiency of a Reversible Carnot Engine Carnot’s Theorem The Thermodynamic Scale of Temperature The Generalized Cycle: The Concept of Entropy 3.2 Irreversible Processes 3.3 Molecular Interpretation of Entropy 3.4 The Calculation of Entropy Changes   Changes of State of Aggregation Ideal Gases Entropy of Mixing Informational or Configurational Entropy Solids and Liquids 3.5 The Third Law of Thermodynamics   Cryogenics: The Approach to Absolute Zero Absolute Entropies 3.6 Conditions for Equilibrium   Constant Temperature and Pressure: The Gibbs Energy Constant Temperature and Volume: The Helmholtz Energy 3.7 The Gibbs Energy   Molecular Interpretation Gibbs Energies of Formation Gibbs Energy and Reversible Work 3.8 Some Thermodynamic Relationships   Maxwell Relations Thermodynamic Equations of State Some Applications of Thermodynamic Relationships Fugacity and Activity 3.9 The Gibbs-Helmholtz Equation 3.10 Thermodynamic Limitations to Energy Conversion   First Law Efficiencies Second Law Efficiencies Refrigeration and Liquefaction Heat Pumps Chemical Conversion. Key Equations Problems Suggested Reading Chapter 4 Chemical Equilibrium   Biography: Jacobus Henricus van’t Hoff 4.1 Chemical Equilibrium Involving Ideal Gases   Equilibrium Constant in Concentration Units 4.2 Equilibrium in Nonideal Gaseous Systems 4.3 Chemical Equilibrium in Solution 4.4 Heterogeneous Equilibrium 4.5 Tests for Chemical Equilibrium 4.6 Shifts of Equilibrium at Constant Temperature 4.7 Coupling of Reactions 4.8 Temperature Dependence of Equilibrium Constants 4.9 Pressure Dependence of Equilibrium Constants Key Equations Problems Suggested Reading Chapter 5 Phases and Solutions 5.1 Phase Recognition   Phase Distinctions in the Water System Phase Changes in Liquid Crystals Phase Equilibria in a One-Component System: Water 5.2 Vaporization and Vapor Pressure   Thermodynamics of Vapor Pressure: The Clapeyron Equation The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation Enthalpy and Entropy of Vaporization: Trouton’s Rule Variation of Vapor Pressure with External Pressure 5.3 Classification of Transitions in Single-Component Systems 5.4 Ideal Solutions: Raoult’s and Henry’s Laws 5.5 Partial Molar Quantities   Relation of Partial Molar Quantities to Normal Thermodynamic Properties 5.6 The Chemical Potential 5.7 Thermodynamics of Solutions   Raoult’s Law Revisited Ideal Solutions Nonideal Solutions; Activity and Activity Coefficients 5.8 The Colligative Properties   Freezing Point Depression Ideal Solubility and the Freezing Point Depression Boiling Point Elevation Osmotic Pressure Key Equations Problems Suggested Reading Chapter 6 Phase Equilibria 6.1 Equilibrium Between Phases   Number of Components Degrees of Freedom The Phase Rule 6.2 One-Component Systems 6.3 Binary Systems Involving Vapor   Liquid-Vapor Equilibria of Two-Component Systems Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium in Systems Not Obeying Raoult’s Law Temperature-Composition Diagrams: Boiling Point Curves Distillation Azeotropes Distillation of Immiscible Liquids: Steam Distillation Distillation of Partially Miscible Liquids 6.4 Condensed Binary Systems   Two-Liquid Components Solid-Liquid Equilibrium: Simple Eutectic Phase Diagrams 6.5 Thermal Analysis 6.6 More Complicated Binary Systems   Solid Solutions Partial Miscibility Compound Formation 6.7 Crystal Solubility: The Krafft Boundary and Krafft Eutectic 6.8 Ternary Systems   Liquid-Liquid Ternary Equilibrium Solid-Liquid Equilibrium in Three-Component Systems Representation of Temperature in Ternary Systems Key Equations Problems Suggested Reading