Physical Chemistry

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Detailed Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Chapter 16 The Solid State 16.1 Crystal Forms and Crystal Lattices   The Unit Cell Symmetry Properties Point Groups and Crystal Systems Space Lattices Space Groups Periodicity and the Reciprocal Lattice Crystal Planes and Miller Indices Indices of Direction 16.2 X-Ray Crystallography   The Origin of X Rays The Bragg Equation X-Ray Scattering Elastic Scattering Fourier Analysis and the Structure Factor 16.3 Experimental Methods and Applications   The Laue Method The Powder Method Rotating Crystal Methods X-Ray Diffraction Biography: Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Electron Diffraction Neutron Diffraction Interpretation of X-Ray Diffraction Patterns Structure Factor for a Simple Cubic (sc) Lattice Structure Factor for a Face-Centered Cubic (fcc) Lattice Structure Factor for a Body-Centered (bcc) Lattice 16.4 Theories of Solids   Bonding in Solids Ionic, Covalent, and van der Waals Radii Binding Energy of Ionic Crystals The Born-Haber Cycle The Structure of Metals The Closest Packing of Spheres Metallic Radii 16.5 Statistical Thermodynamics of Crystals: Theories of Heat Capacities   The Einstein Model The Debye Model Fermi-Dirac Statistics Visualization of the Quantum Statistics Quantum Statistics Determination of the Fermi Energy 16.6 Electrical Conductivity in Solids   Metals: The Free-Electron Theory of Metals Semiconductors, and Insulators: Band Theory p-n junction Superconductivity 16.7 Optical Properties of Solids   Transition Metal Impurities and Charge Transfer Color and Luster in Metal Color Centers: Nonstoichiometric Compounds Luminescence in Solids Key Equations Problems Suggested Reading Chapter 17 The Liquid State 17.1 Liquids Compared with Dense Gases   Internal Pressure Internal Energy 17.2 Liquids Compared with Solids   Radial Distribution Functions X-Ray Diffraction Neutron Diffraction Glasses 17.3 Intermolecular Forces   Ion-Ion Forces Ion-Dipole Forces Dipole-Dipole Forces Hydrogen Bonds Dispersion Forces Repulsive Forces Resultant Intermolecular Energies 17.4 Theories and Models of Liquids   Free-Volume or Cell Theories Hole or “Significant Structure” Theories Partition Functions for Liquids Computer Simulation of Liquid Behavior 17.5 Water, the Incomparable Liquid   Experimental Investigations of Water Structure Intermolecular Energies in Water Models of Liquid Water Computer Simulation of Water Structure 17.6 The Hydrophobic Effect   Key Equations Problems Suggested Reading Chapter 18 Surface Chemistry and Colloids 18.1 Adsorption 18.2 Adsorption Isotherms   The Langmuir Isotherm Adsorption with Dissociation Competitive Adsorption Other Isotherms 18.3 Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics of Adsorption 18.4 Chemical Reactions on Surfaces   Unimolecular Reactions Bimolecular Reactions 18.5 Surface Heterogeneity 18.6 The Structure of Solid Surfaces and of Adsorbed Layers   Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS and UPS) Field-Ion Microscopy (FIM) Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) Low-Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) Details of the Solid Surface 18.7 Surface Tension and Capillarity 18.8 Liquid Films on Surfaces   Biography: Agnes Pockels 18.9 Colloidal Systems   Lyophobic and Lyophilic Sols Light Scattering by Colloidal Particles Electrical Properties of Colloidal Systems Gels Emulsions Key Equations Problems Suggested Reading Chapter 19 Transport Properties 19.2 Viscosity   Measurement of Viscosity Viscosities of Gases Viscosities of Liquids Viscosities of Solutions 19.2 Diffusion   Fick’s Laws Solutions of Diffusion Equations Brownian Movement Self-Diffusion of Gases Driving Force of Diffusion Diffusion and Ionic Mobility Stokes’s Law Perrin’s Experiments on Brownian Movement Diffusion through Membranes 19.3 Sedimentation   Sedimentation Velocity Sedimentation Equilibrium Key Equations Problems Suggested Reading